語(yǔ)態(tài)是一種形式,用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系,英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài),即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如:
We speak Chinese.
我們說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Chinese is spoken by us.
我們說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
1.動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,變化規(guī)則和be作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣?，F(xiàn)以te.例,將一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等中學(xué)學(xué)過(guò)的四種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式列表如下:
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定形式是在助動(dòng)詞或第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后加not,疑問(wèn)形式是把助動(dòng)詞或第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞移到主語(yǔ)前面。
舉例如下:
①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
English is spoken by many people.
許多人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
The Great Wall is well known all over the world.
長(zhǎng)城聞名于世界。
?、谝话氵^(guò)去時(shí)
The speech was made by a foreigner.
這個(gè)演講是由外國(guó)人做的。
My hometown was liberated in 1949.
我的家鄉(xiāng)是1949年解放的。
?、垡话銓?lái)時(shí)
We shall be asked to attend the meeting by the chairman.
我們將被主席邀請(qǐng)參加會(huì)議。
A new school will be built in that village soon.
一個(gè)新學(xué)校在那個(gè)村莊很快就要建成了。
?、墁F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
A lot of new buildings have been set up in the last few years.
近幾年建了很多新樓房。
2.動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
(1)當(dāng)我們不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
His bike has been stolen.
他的自行車被人偷走了。
I was told that you were late this morning.
我聽(tīng)說(shuō)你今天早上遲到了。
(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
The plan has already been made.
計(jì)劃已經(jīng)制定好了。
This problem will be solved soon.
這個(gè)問(wèn)題很快會(huì)解決。
3.由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法
(1)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)。
(2)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
(3)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ),組成介詞短語(yǔ),放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。
也可省略。如:
主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
I teach English in that school.
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)
被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
English is taught(by me) in that school
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 介詞賓語(yǔ)
4.幾種不同類型的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1)含有直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可將一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)保留不動(dòng)。一般是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)。如：
The doctor gave （the patient） some （advice）.醫(yī)生給病人一些建議。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)
The patient was given some advice( by the doctor).(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
Some advice was given to the patient( by the doctor).(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
(2)含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)保留不動(dòng)。如:
Everybody called her Big Sister.每個(gè)人都叫她大姐姐。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)
She was called Big Sister(by everybody).(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
She asked me to make her a new evening dress(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
她要我給她做一件晚禮服。
I was asked to make her a new evening dress.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,see, watch, notice, look at,hear, listen to,make,have,let等感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后面的賓補(bǔ),如是不定式,則要省去to,當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),to不能省。如：
Her father saw her go out.(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
她父親看見(jiàn)她出去了。
She was seen to go out( by her father).(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
We made him do it(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
我們要他做。
He was made to do it.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
(3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如:
He can repair the lock in three days(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
他能三天內(nèi)修好這鎖。
The lock can be repaired in three days.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
這鎖三天之內(nèi)就修好了。
(4)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),因?yàn)橹挥屑拔飫?dòng)詞才有動(dòng)作的承受者。但有許多由不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,可以有介詞賓語(yǔ),因而也可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但應(yīng)注意短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體,在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不能丟掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的介詞或副詞。如:
She has sent for the doctor.(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
她巳派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生。
A doctor has been sent for.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
已派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生。
We have never heard of such a thing before.(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
我們以前從未聽(tīng)過(guò)這樣的事。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
這樣的事以前從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)。
